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Long before the Medieval era, the epic literatures of Antiquity defined a hero as a brave, selfless, and noble larger-than-life figure, typically of great physical dimension and outstanding military acumen. Hercules, Achilles, Odysseus, Jason, and Perseus, to name the most familiar to contemporary readers, were courageous and cunning. They were tested by tribulations, overcoming dire odds. Favored by the gods themselves, they led their armies to victories of epochal proportions—victories, in turn, worth commemorating in grand poetry.
The Wanderer, however, defines a far different kind of hero, something of an anti-hero. The Wanderer himself is a failure. His cause is lost, his nation slaughtered, and he grapples with an awareness of that defeat. He is now alone, an outsider. As John Richardson (1988) argues, the Wanderer is caught between two worlds (See: Further Reading & Resources). He is doomed to be a survivor, adrift in a hostile world in which everything he has known is gone. Grizzled, tight-lipped, solitary, the Wanderer finds refuge only in stoicism. He refuses to concede to a hard and cold world beyond his control. That refusal to surrender to the logic of despair defines the anti-hero’s courage.
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Arabian Nights
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Arden of Faversham
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A Woman in Berlin
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Bible (New Testament): English Standard Version
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Bible: Old Testament: English Standard Version
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Deuteronomy
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Diary of an Oxygen Thief
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Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep
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Everyman
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Hebrew Bible
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Holy Bible
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Homeric Hymns
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Judith
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Laxdaela Saga
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Lazarillo De Tormes
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Mahabharata
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Nibelungenlied
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Njals Saga
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One Thousand and One Nights
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Popol Vuh
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